HIV Prevalence in Uganda

HIV Prevalence in Uganda Uganda (HIV/AIDS) Section 1: Between 2002-2011, the international non-profit NGO AVSI Foundation has supported Uganda’s Ministry of Health (MoH) prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) program in four Northern Ugandan districts: Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, and Agago. The program â€Å"aimed to be comprehensive, emphasizing social and medical care and support† and was successful in reducing HIV prevalence among HIV-exposed infants from 10.3% in 2004 to 5.0% in 2011, among other things. The MoH/AVSI PMTCT sites showed how a â€Å"comprehensive PMTCT program emphasizing social and community engagement alongside medical care and support can succeed in a remote setting with multiple challenges† (3). Despite the advances of the MoH/AVSI program, HIV/AIDS remains a critical issue in Uganda. Northern Uganda especially faces dispropriate challenges and adversities in regards to the national HIV/AIDS epidemic response. In 2011, the Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey measured a national HIV prevalence of 7.3%, but the HIV prevalence in northern Uganda specifically was shown to be 8.3%. Also, Uganda has one of the largest crude birth rates in the world. In 2011 Ugandas birth rate was 42.1/1000 (3). In addition, Northern Uganda has faced great adversity from the Lords Resistance Army (LRA) during the period 1986-2006. There was an estimated two million individuals mandated to live in internally displaced people (IDP) camps from this violent discord (3). The fallout from the war between the government and the LRA had worsened already sparse health services in the north. Due to the high birth rate, HIV prevalence, and structural violence faced in northern Uganda, the AVSI Foundation proposes to extend the MoH/AVSI PMTCT program for an additional five years with support from the Global Fund. Support from the Global Fund will allow us to broaden PMTCT services in 24 Northern Uganda MoH facilities (located in Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, and Agago) and help expand these sustainable PMTCT service sites to other MoH facilities nationwide. Estimated Populations (2011) of Targeted Northern Ugandan Districts Kitgum 222,737 Lamwo 164,754 Pader 237,100 Agago 285,300 Link to Map: https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zZ1ADMHAfHkY.krdFRCFxMCRQ Section 2: Goal: Impact Indicators Baseline* (Year 1) Target (Year 5) Reduction in HIV incidence among HIV-exposed infants 5% 3% *2011 estimate The first and foremost goal is to reduce HIV incidence among HIV-exposed infants by reducing Mother-to-child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV. MTCT occurs when an HIV-positive mother infects her infant with HIV during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding (1). Yet, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5% if mothers undergo proper maternal ART treatment. The diagram below illustrates the many steps mothers need to take to successfully complete a PMTCT program. This series of complex steps is why it is absolutely critical to assist Ugandan mothers as much as possible to make successfully complete our program. However, even if HIV-positive mothers complete a PMTCT program in all of its entirety and give birth to an HIV-free infant, infants still remain at risk of HIV infection. Other channels, such as contaminated needles, can infect an infant who was initially born HIV-free. Thus, maintaining and promoting strict sanitation procedures, alongside a strong PMTCT program, is absolutely critical in reducing HIV incidence among HIV-exposed infants. The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicators â€Å"number of HIV-exposed children (18 months or younger) tested† and the â€Å"number of HIV-exposed children (18 months or younger) that tested HIV-positive† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Section 3: Objectives: Outcome/coverage indicators Baseline* (Year 1) Target (Year 5) Increase the proportion of HIV-positive women who deliver in health facilities 81.1% 95% Increase the number of mothers who undergo HIV testing (in ANC) 96% 98% Increase proportion of HIV-positive mothers on ART treatment 78.5% 95% Increase antenatal care attendance (mothers) 20,032 50,000 *2011 estimate One of the main objectives is to increase the proportion of HIV-positive women who deliver in health facilities. It is absolutely critical for HIV-positive women to deliver in health facilities. After all, health facilities can provide better medical care and support than a traditional midwife would be able to in a home delivery. Furthermore, health facilities have more resources, equipment, and personnel to respond to any emergencies during delivery. Above all, delivering in a health facility will better guarantee the infant receives the appropriate antivirals need to PMTCT. HIV-positive women delivering at home run a higher risk of these crucial medications not being administered. Thus, increasing the proportion of HIV-positive women who deliver in health facilities better protects both the mother and the child, than a home delivery. The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicator â€Å"percentage of HIV-positive women who delivered in health facilities† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Another objective is to increase the number of mothers who undergo HIV testing while in ANC. There are clearly many benefits for at risk individuals undergoing HIV-testing. However, the benefits of having undergone an HIV test are lost if the patient does not return to learn their result. Thus, it is absolutely crucial for our program will utilize â€Å"rapid testing at a women’s first antenatal clinic visit† (1). In contrast to a â€Å"conventional HIV test† that can take days or even weeks to attain results, â€Å"rapid tests can produce a result in as little as twenty minutes† (1). This will allow reduce the number of HIV-positive women who are lost from lack of follow-up and will also facilitate rapid enrollment of HIV-positive pregnant women into PMTCT program services. The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicator â€Å"ANC women tested for HIV† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Another objective is to increase proportion of HIV-positive mothers on ART treatment (e.g. antiretroviral prophylaxis or triple antiretroviral therapy, depending on the circumstance). However, â€Å"to be fully effective, antiretroviral medication needs to reach newborn babies as well as their mothers† (1). The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicators â€Å"number of HIV-positive women who received ARV prophylaxis† and â€Å"percentage of ANC HIV-positive women started on prophylaxis† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Specifically, our program will utilize and adhere to the 2013 World Health Organization’s (WHO) Option B guidelines for PMTCT (until subsequent more effective recommendation plans replace it). The WHO’s 2013 Option B advocates to provide â€Å"Provide all HIV-positive pregnant or breastfeeding women with a course of antiretroviral drugs to prevent mother-to-child transmission† (2). They explicitly state that a triple-drug antiretroviral treatment should be administered throughout pregnancy and delivery. Furthermore, breastfeeding mothers should persist on the triple-drug antiretroviral treatment until at least one week after stopping breastfeeding. The steps and procedures of Option B are outlined in the flowchart below. Another objective is to Increase antenatal (ANC) care attendance for mothers. After it has been shown that â€Å"A number of clinical processes, such as antenatal care and safe delivery, can improve the health of both mother and child† (4). ANC services offer certainly offer many benefits for mothers but their benefits (just like in HIV-testing), are lost if women do not take advantage and utilize these services. There are numerous reasons a mother may not seek ANC services, even if they are â€Å"free†. A huge factor is accessibility difficulties. Pregnant women in low income countries, like Uganda, often have an increased difficulty in utilizing maternal programs because of their busy schedules. They are heavily occupied in caring for children, working, and running numerous kinds of other errands. Furthermore, many mothers live far away from health clinics and may lack a reliable means of travel. Both of these issues creates a huge barrier for women who need antenatal care services, but struggle to access it. Thus, our program will offer basic care and support services (such as food/transportation vouchers, housing assistance, and child-care services) to help increase ANC attendance. After all organizations, such as Partners in Health, have proven that by seeking to overcome the â€Å"social barriers† to accessing care by implementing â€Å"wraparound services [e.g. transportation costs ]† can help in addressing some of the â€Å"social and economic determinants of ill health† (4). The table below summarizes the PMTCT Indicator â€Å"ANC attendance† measured by the MoH/AVSI program between 2002-2011. This data was used to formulate Year 1 and project a realistic target for Year 5. Section 4: Activities: Main Activities Process/Output Indicators Program Year 1 Target Program Year 5 Target Responsible/implementing agencies Free/accessible HIV testing and antenatal care services for mothers ANC attendance (# persons) 30,000 50,000 Ministry of Health Maternal mobile teams Number home-births assisted 2,000 10,000 AVSI HIV counseling for mothers and their partners % HIV-positive mothers participating in therapy 25% 50% AVSI One of the main activities to be conducted is providing free and accessible HIV testing and antenatal care for mothers. Indeed, it has been proven, on behalf of the structural adjustment era, that â€Å"user fees in many resource-poor settings deterred the poor from accessing any health services (4). Likewise, charging service fees for PMTCT services would create a huge barrier for the poorest northern Ugandan mothers. On the other hand, providing financial support to mothers would encourage and give incentive for mothers to continue to attend and adhere to PMTCT program services. Thus, financial support will be given to mothers who attain antenatal services and HIV testing. This will not only help support poor Ugandan mothers, but will also reduces the likelihood of mothers being lost by lack of follow-up. Another activity that will be conducted is using maternal mobile teams to reach at risk mothers who have an increased difficulty and/or refusal to travel. After all, some pregnant women, despite being offered transportation services and/or financial support, will refuse to deliver in health facilities for whatever reason. Therefore, maternal mobile teams will be trained to provide â€Å"services such as HIV education, testing and counseling, and advice on infant feeding† (1). Maternal mobile teams should be used for the women who deliver at home and ensure that those who have tested positive for HIV have access to the essential antiretrovirals needed for PMTCT. Indeed, keeping track of mothers (especially HIV-positive mothers) who plan to delivery at home will be a challenge. Consequently, this will be a major a coordinating responsibility of community health workers who will be responsible for the gathering the necessary records (i.e. HIV-positive pregnant mothers) to pass on to the maternal mobile teams. Additionally, HIV counseling for mothers and their partners will be provided at no cost. Indeed, biomedical treatments are not the only thing needed for a successful HIV intervention. Social and emotional support are also crucial. Unfortunately it can sometimes prove difficult to persuade men to attend such services that are often regarded as â€Å"women’s clinics dealing with women’s issues† (1). Nevertheless, another vital activity will be to train and engage community health workers who will be paid to promote maternal education and social support to mothers. After all, the use of expert clients and other community-based volunteers helps reduce the stigma and discrimination of mothers living with HIV. It also helps improve the utilization of basic care services and adherence to Antiretroviral (ARV) Therapy. The term â€Å"expert clients† refers to people who are currently HIV/AIDs positive who serve as experienced role models for other PLHIV. Currently, expert clients work in almost every Ugandan ART site, engaging in various activities ranging from promoting health education to providing psychosocial support for PLHIV. Furthermore, mothers will be either followed up with an invitation to come to the health facility for specific interventions/services or visited by a team of health professionals (i.e. a maternal mobile team). Section 5: Our goals and objectives fit within the National Plan because they complement and scale-up an HIV infection prevention campaign to one of the most disadvantaged regions in the country, Karamoja. This 2013 campaign, called Elimination of Mother-to-Child-Transmission of HIV (eMTCT), is part of the Ugandan government’s large-scaled efforts to prevent new HIV infections. Furthermore, our goals and objectives further assist Uganda in their Ministry of Health 2010-2015 Scale Up Plan for PMTCT that aims to achieve an HIV-free generation of Ugandans by 2015 through the virtual elimination of MTCT of HIV, which utilizes a Sector-Wide Approach (1). Indeed, it is extremely critical to work with the public sector and not against the public sector. Our program is committed to working in public sector PMTCT health systems because â€Å"only governments can enshrine health as a human right and then implement programs to safeguard this right for its citizens on a national scale† (4). Section 6: a) We will involve Ugandan mothers by providing HIV counseling services for mothers and their partners. Social support is a crucial component of providing medical services. Indeed it has been shown that when â€Å"male partners are involved, both partners can get tested for HIV, know their status, and therefore improve the baby’s chances of a healthy survival† (1). Furthermore, counselors are better able to â€Å"emphasise the man’s responsibility for protecting the health of his partner and family† and can also advance the use of PMTCT services, â€Å"resulting in much higher rates of treatment uptake† (1). b) Community participation will be fostered by using community health workers to promote awareness, attendance, and adherence to PMTCT services. Specifically, community-based female volunteers who are â€Å"expert clients† (current HIV-positive mothers who serve as mentors and have experience with overcoming HIV-related stigma) will especially be invaluable. After all, community health workers can gain the trust of mothers who will thus be more likely to adhere to PMTCT services. c) This PMTCT campaign will help to improve the status of women in Uganda by empowering mothers to be active, confident, and assertive actors in the health of their children. Indeed, educating women is crucial to improving the health of infants. By increasing maternal education for mothers, indicators such as infant mortality will be reduced. d) Social equality is promoted by providing free antenatal care, HIV testing, and free antiretroviral treatment (WHO’s Option B); we are removing the financial barrier that would keep the poorest mothers from attaining maternal services. Indeed it is of the utmost importance to avoid punitive user fees† and other â€Å"cost-sharing devices that shift the burden of payment to those least able to pay† (4). As mentioned previously, charging user fees for services would exclude poorer populations. Not only will free treatment be provided, but financial support will be given to women who adhere to therapy. e) There will be an emphasis on education and expansion of programs nationwide to promote human resources development. We will train community health workers. These community health workers will pass on their training to mothers. These mothers will likewise be encouraged to share their acquired knowledge with friends, relatives, and other community members. In other words, creating a dynamic chain reaction of teaching will be a huge focus of this program. Moreover, we wish to spread the effectiveness of our PMTCT program from northern Uganda to other parts of the country. After all, â€Å"addressing maternal and child health comprehensively will require training more health workers; strengthening referral networks between communities, health centers, and hospitals; and ensuring adequate supplies at care centers- all elements of a robust health system† (4). Section 7: There may be potential opposition from the local context regarding the empowering of women our services inevitably (and justly) bring. According to the Foundation for Sustainable Development, â€Å"women face . . . discrimination, low social status, lack of economic self sufficiency, and greater risk of HIV/AIDS infection† (5). Because women typically have lower status than men in Uganda, some natives may potentially view this education and empowerment of women as a threat to their culture. The best way to address it will be to involve the mothers boyfriends, husbands, etc as much as possible in the lessons and counseling. Promoting equity is a crucial measure and indicator of a successful program. Another potential opposition to the plan will be the barrier of HIV-testing stigma that keeps mothers from getting HIV-testing. The best way to address this is to integrate HIV-testing as a standard part of antenatal care. Instead of asking women if they would like to â€Å"opt in† (receive HIV- testing), one would only ask them if they would like to â€Å"opt out† (not receive HIV-testing). In other words, if HIV-testing is set as the default option, women will be more comfortable with receiving it. And thus, overtime, HIV-testing will be normalized and become common practice, which will help remove the barrier of stigma. In brief, removing the â€Å"special status given to HIV testing helps to make it more acceptable† (1) Finally, any other existing NGOs in the area who are doing similar PMTC work may create conflict with our plan. There may be some â€Å"turf war† as different NGOs commonly have different agendas. The best way to address any NGO conflict is to do preliminary research to ensure we set up the PMTCT care services in areas that are not disrupting any â€Å"parallel programs†. References AIDS Education and Research Trust. Preventing PMTCT. AVERT. Web. 9 Mar. 2014. http://www.avert.org/preventing-mother-child-transmission-pmtct-practice.htm>. AIDS Education and Research Trust. WHO Guidelines. AVERT. Web. 9 Mar. 2014. http://www.avert.org/who-guidelines-pmtct-breastfeeding.htm>. Bannink-Mbazzi, Femke, MA. High PMTCT Program Uptake and Coverage of Mothers, Their Partners, and Babies in Northern Uganda: Achievements and Lessons Learned Over 10 Years of Implementation (2002–2011). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 62.5 (2013). JAIDS. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc., 27 July 2012. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2013/04150/High_PMTCT_Program_Uptake_and_Coverage_of_Mothers,.20.aspx>. Farmer, Paul. Reimagining Global Health: An Introduction. Berkeley: University of California, 2013. Print. Gender Equity Issues in Uganda. Gender Equity Issues in Uganda. Foundation for Sustainable Development. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. http://fsdinternational.org/country/uganda/weissues>.

Mockery of Victorian Values in Hechts Parody, Dover Beach :: Dover Beach

Hecht's parody "Dover Bitch" is a mockery of Victorian values shown in "Dover Beach", as well as those of his own period. Hecht candidly exaggerates the speech, ideas and symbols in "Dover Beach.". The first evidence of Hecht's mockery is of speech at the beginning when he writes " There stood Matthew Arnold and his girl......All over, etc., etc.". He take the soft calming words of Arnold and gives them a harsh New Jersey accent. His representation of an educated woman sets the reader up to think that the woman will not sit quietly and be told what to do by her husband. But when "she said one or two unprintable things" he took away her right to speak. Thus plunging her back to Arnold's Victorian classification that women should sit quietly and ingest her husbands opinions. This might also symbolize the feministic movements of the early sixties. Hecht's view might have been that women could have equality to men, but its not important enough to let them talk about it. His display of faithfulness in the women's unfaithfulness is also a reaction to the Victorian idea that the wife should be there for her husband. It could also be a scary reality in Hecht's mind that times were changing and women wouuld not be at every beaconing call of their husband. Hecht reinforces his Ideas of change by taking Arnold's "...the cliffs of England stand, glimmering and vast" and transforms the Victorian idea of women into "...cliffs of England crumbling away behind them,". This supports the idea that Hecht is aware of the changes that are happening and he is envious of the way things used to be.

A Case Study on Tesla Motors

A CASE STUDY ON TESLA MOTORS Cost/Benefit Analysis In concern, every determination that has to be made requires thorough rating. And one of the most convenient and straightforward methods to make this is through Cost/Benefit Analysis. In CBA, an appraisal of the entire value of all the benefits of a certain undertaking is compared to that of the value of the costs that are needed in order to recognize such undertaking ( Watkins, n.d. ) . In order for the assessor to come up with a better angle of comparing, these values must be expressed into a unvarying unit of measuring. Normally, in calculating CBA, the values of the cost and benefits are converted into their pecuniary value. Once all the costs and benefits of the undertaking have been taken into consideration, comparing may be done. If the value of the benefits outweighs that of the costs, it means that the undertaking is a worthwhile enterprise. The following point of rating would be the computation of the break-even point – the clip at which the benefits of the undertaki ng pay off the costs ( Hill, 2012 ) . It would be most preferred to hold a shorter payback period. By and large, CBA helps concern people to make up one's mind whether or non to set about a peculiar undertaking. It allows them to border the best and appropriate undertaking aims. Furthermore, CBA can be used to fix the necessary resources every bit good as develop before and after steps of the project’s success. For illustration, the move to advance more ecological operations and procedures for the company may necessitate a Cost/Benefit analysis to find the chance of its realisation. As the corporate universe is going more and more aware of the effects of Climate Change, companies are looking to implement environment-friendly patterns in their offices. The same holds true for immense fabrication companies. CBA allows the companies to measure likely additions and losingss that these actions may convey. Tesla Motors: A Case Study in Environmental Impact Background and Operations of Tesla Motors Leading the coming of a more sustainable transit system and its inventions, Tesla Motors has established rather a repute in the automotive industry. Since its constitution in 2003, the company has grown to be the biggest maker of electric autos in the market. It has contributed more than 50,000 autos in roads all over the universe as of today ( Tesla Motors, n.d. ) . Its chief end is to make a transit system that is more environment-friendly and sustainable. Electric autos are charged at place and do non necessitate refuelling of gasolene unlike the autos designed by other makers. Quite expectedly, these zero-emission autos were non easy accepted in the market as they were deemed impractical, non to advert consumers were non truly impressed with their instead tacky design. Fortunately, Tesla Motors was able to toss that equation. By let go ofing their trailblazer electric athleticss auto for the high-end market, the Tesla Roadster, they were able to capture the attending of auto partisans and alter the face of the green auto market. After let go ofing the Roadster, Tesla pushed for more infinite in the industry by let go ofing their luxury saloon, the Tesla Model S in 2012. More and more consumers are looking to purchase electric autos because of the inventions that were done by the company. In fact, reserves for their following theoretical account releases are already stacking up. There is much expectancy for the Tesla Model X and Model 3 releases. How Green is a Tesla Green Car? The really intent of an electric auto is to advance energy invention ; and Tesla Motors’ end is to accomplish this without doing any negative impact on the environment. However, a new engineering such as the advanced green auto production can non be made to go through without being exhaustively criticized by the populace. Green autos are, by rule, more environment-friendly than the conventional fuel-based autos. The procedure, by which it is being manufactured, on the other manus, says otherwise. Furthermore, green autos do run on electricity. But, how is electricity being processed? Does it non come from coal and crude oil excessively? All things considered, is a Tesla green auto viridity after all? The company admits that the grade of being environment-friendly of their autos – take the Model S for illustration, largely depends on where and how frequently the auto is being driven. In the US, each province has a different mix of energy beginnings that fundamentally goes into their grid. In other words, a â€Å"cleaner† beginning of electricity makes a Model S a more environment-friendly auto. By and large, it is still cleaner than the internal-combustion design of their rivals in footings of emissions-per-mile ; sing the efficiency of battery-powered autos in change overing stored energy into a utile signifier ( Oremus, 2013 ) . Tesla Motors and the Campaign for Environmental Sustainability Tesla Motors have established its run to advance a greener personal conveyance system through its electric vehicles ; but how does it impact the environment in the industrial context? Are its procedures and operations considered as environment-friendly? The company is really much aware of the fact that they are indirectly let go ofing C emanations through power workss – sing that electricity is the chief power beginning of the vehicles. This is the ground why Tesla moves to advance the absolute remotion of indirect C emanations by utilizing Supercharger Stations that merely uses grid electric power from solar panels ( Walsh, 2014 ) . Furthermore, Tesla is teaming up with SolarCity to supply electric auto proprietors an option to bear down their autos utilizing solar panels in their several places. This is like hitting two birds with one rock. By extinguishing the demand for coal-based electricity beginning, they are indirectly cut downing C emanations in the ambiance ; and they are advancing the usage of renewable energy beginning at the same clip. Tesla is fundamentally work outing the world’s dependance on gas. Through their radical inventions in electric vehicle engineering, they have addressed an issue that has been thought as an improbableness for many old ages. By doing more convenient accommodations in their electric autos, and at the same clip turn outing that electric autos are so effectual, Tesla has convinced more consumers to sponsor their merchandise. The company is winning more and more conflicts as they advance into bigger ventures. In order to provide to their turning consumer demands, Tesla is constructing their very foremost Gigafactory. Panasonic will be a immense investor in this undertaking, along with Tesla’s other major spouses. The best thing about this gigafactory is the company’s program to run it chiefly on air current and solar energy. Nevada is the perfect site for the mill because it is where the biggest solar power works in the universe is located. Tesla does non merely function as a leader in electric auto engineering, it is besides going a theoretical account for other companies to see more environment-friendly procedures. Coal excavation and processing has created many environment-related issues and are still doing jobs in many topographic points around the universe. If Tesla becomes successful in extinguishing the demand for non-renewable beginnings of energy in order to bring forth electricity, it can alter the face of the car industry everlastingly. Not merely will it dramatically cut down the C emanations that are released to the ambiance, it will besides extinguish the issues that are brought about by the processing of electricity that is coming from natural resources. Tesla Motors and the Competitive Industry Of class, Tesla Motors is non the lone company that has entered the green auto market. Even though the industry for green autos is non that large compared to the conventional car market, it can be said that competition is non excessively slack. In fact, Toyota, Ford, Nissan, and Honda are considered as the biggest rivals for Tesla. Audi, Volkswagen, and BMW are looking to fall in the green auto industry shortly. And these are reasonably immense companies. Can Tesla maintain its topographic point in the industry without being squeezed out by elephantine auto makers? What is its competitory advantage? Unlike the remainder of the car makers, Tesla is 100 % in the green auto industry. Therefore, their focal point is merely within that market. Research and development is entirely dedicated for this intent, leting the company to make better inventions. Besides, Tesla has about 5-year caput start over the other companies. While other companies are still constructing their green auto designs, Tesla is already smoothing its ain. The hereafter of the automotive industry is tilting towards the use of renewable beginnings of energy. This fundamentally means that other companies who are on the other side of the industry are at a immense disadvantage. Oil is about to run out ; but solar power is limitless. Sooner or subsequently, they will hold to switch to a more sustainable beginning of energy. Tesla Motors and the Future of Green Car Technology At the minute, Tesla’s precedence is to maximise its production in order to run into the demands for the Model S and Model X in the market. They are holding problems in run intoing client demands with their very limited production. But the populace can rest assured that Tesla will non halt making better inventions for their merchandises. Once the gigafactory has been installed, Tesla’s following focal point will be on the development and betterment of machine-controlled driving engineering. As a affair of fact, the company’s CEO, Mr. Elon Musk has announced the release of their partially self-driving vehicle by 2017 ( Boyadjis, Rassweiler, & A ; Brinley, n.d. ) . As the engineering for zero-emission autos advancement, the issues sing the car companies’ impact on the environment is being addressed bit by bit. Someday, there will come a clip when vehicles will entirely depend on solar power – among other renewable energy beginnings. It may non wholly work out Global heating, but it will assist the universe get at that place one measure at a clip. Mentions Boyadjis, M. , Rassweiler, A. , & A ; Brinley, S. ( n.d. ) . Object moved. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ihs.com/articles/features/tesla-motors.html Hill, R. ( 2012, September ) . Attention Required! | CloudFlare. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_08.htm Oremus, W. ( 2013, September 9 ) . How green is a Tesla? Electric cars’ environmental impact depends on where you live. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2013/09/how_green_is_a_tesla_electric_cars_environmental_impact_depends_on_where.html Tesla Motors. ( n.d. ) . About Tesla | Tesla Motors. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teslamotors.com/about Walsh, T. ( 2014, November 1 ) . Investing in Socially Responsible Companies: Tesla Motors Inc. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/11/01/investing-in-socially-responsible-companies-tesl-2.aspx Watkins, T. ( n.d. ) . An Introduction to Cost Benefit Analysis. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cba.htm

The Atomic Bombs As A Weapon During World War II - 1311 Words

When the Eleventh Doctor, protector of aliens and humans, first landed his Tardis on the Starship UK he never imagined that he would be faced with the seemingly impossible decision of choosing between saving the lives of an alien or human. The government had enslaved and tortured an alien to use as the engine for their ship. The Doctor could not allow the cruel treatment to continue, so he had to determine who would die for the sake of saving others. Making a choice between the lives of two parties is a judgment call that makes a good story plot, but also one that the United States government was not exempt from. The United States government was presented with the decision to compare the value of the lives of others when the choice came to use the atomic bombs as a weapon during World War II. The atomic bomb was used in order to shorten the war and save thousands of lives. However, in reality the bombs killed thousands of innocent Japanese civilians and had unfathomable repercussion s for generations to come. When the value of lives is called into question, people can be swayed by the forces of loss aversion and diagnosis bias to justify their decision. When the United States created the atomic bombs during World War II, American officials questioned when and where the bombs would be used. A select group of people comprised of, â€Å"government officials, military advisors, and scientists† were brought together in order to decide how the United States should proceed with the newShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki671 Words   |  3 PagesThe Bomb The atomic bomb was initially created during the time period directly preceding, and including, World War II. 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It should be noted that this was nine months before World War II. Many physicists immediately saw that nuclear fission could be used to make extremely deadly bombs. The idea of using chemicals for mass destruction was not a new one. The concept of using nuclear weapons began during World War I. The most obviousRead More Nuclear Power: Is it necessary? Essay993 Words   |  4 Pagespower of the atom, mankind has itself in the possession of weapons with unbelievable, destructive power. Nations now have the ability to destroy entire cities from hundreds of miles away, in only minutes. These weapons are nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons cost the citizens of the United States billions of dollars in taxes each year, the testing and maintenance of these weapons pose serious health risks, and the actual need for these weapons is not and has not been around for years. For the above reasons

Applying Plain Packaging On Cigarette Cases Essay

With the looming possibility of implementing plain packaging on cigarette cases, the lobbyist involved uses certain facts to shed light on the seemingly hidden implications of the plain packaging policy. The main concern of the lobbyist and the advantage point lies within how uninformed the general populous is. The lobbyist essentially claims that the plain packaging policy has no proof of being an effective method of diminishing the number of smokers. Though the lobbyist asserts that it is invalid, this research essay will introduce compelling evidence and experimental data that suggests that the notion behind the plain packaging policy is actually an efficient method for minimizing the popularity of smoking. This paper will also look at opposing points of views that argue otherwise and the issue with their allegations. Before analyzing academic sources that convey the effectiveness of plain packaging, it is crucial to understand what plain packaging is and how it works. Harry Clarke and David Pentice’s article describes plain packaging as the removal of all aesthetic features from tobacco packages. Strictly speaking, a set of explicit specifications determines what a package must have to be considered plain packaged. Some of these specifications include changing brightly colored cigarette packs to packages that contain â€Å"standardized drab dark-brown [colors,] with trade names in a standard font† (Clarke and Pentice). Furthermore, instead of allowing graphic content thatShow MoreRelatedPricing for Convenience Goods12585 Words   |  51 Pages In a primitive society, the exchange value may be determined by trading a good for some other commodity. A horse may be worth ten coins; twelve apples may be worth two loaves of bread. More advanced societies use money for exchange. But in either case, the price of a good or service is its exchange value. Pricing strategy deals with the multitude of factors that influence the setting of a pric e. 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Egyptian Contributions And Greek Culture - 1678 Words

THESIS STATEMENT Egyptian contributions were critical to the development of Greek culture. The Nile Valley civilization is the basis of philosophy, science, and medicine that is often times solely credited to the Greeks. PURPOSE STATEMENT After thorough research and analysis the Nile Valley Contributions to Greek civilization are evident. THE BEGINNINGS Ancient Greece is regarded as the beginnings of advanced sciences and philosophies and the fundamentals of the western world. For years, Greek culture has been taught in schools and held in a high esteem. Egyptian sciences, while necessary, are not deemed with the same respect and often times critical rediscoveries of the Greeks are exclusively accredited to them. The long standing Egyptian empire predated Greece extensively, and reached a high in architecture, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and much more that the Greeks did not reach. Greece’s period of enlightenment was due to the new insights learned from Egypt. Greek scholars returned after years of studying century old works to be named the â€Å"fathers† or their subject. However, many times these â€Å"Fathers† were missing immense detail despite having access to the growing discoveries of the Egyptians, and the spectacular accomplishments of the Greeks are always traceable to its North African neighb or. THE EGYPTIAN MODEL Numerous works of philosophy have been undeniably similar to that of the Egyptians. Greek philosophers studied in Egypt for many years to form theShow MoreRelatedCivilization is Connected from the Mesopotamians to the Powerful Roman Empire836 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame foundational to Western culture from the Mesopotamian civilizations to the emergence of the Romans. The contributions of a variety of cultures shaped the course of Western history. The Mesopotamians and Egyptians are among the first civilizations to make a valuable contribution to Western Civilization. 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Contribution of Micro and Small Enterprises

Question: Discuss about the Contribution of Micro and Small Enterprises. Answer: Introduction: The contribution of the Micro and Small Enterprises has not received its full potential but it is clear from the findings that they are on the right tract. The KSA government has engaged in various initiatives and programs that will help boost the growth Micro and Small Enterprises. Nevertheless, there is a need for much more to be done beyond financial access increment for this sector (Al-Khaldi Wallace, 2009). Micro and Small Enterprises is the way to help the KSA to get rid of its overreliance on oil sector which is always prone to detrimental challenges due to oil prices fluctuations. As been seen from the discussion, comparatively, KSA Micro and Small Enterprises set the stage for the other economies in MENA or GCC region and this is a good news to the KSAs economy. It has been indicated from the study findings that KSA has over 1.97 million business enterprises with Micro and Small Enterprises sector taking the lion share at 90%. Moreover, it is also clear that over 85% of the Micro and Small Enterprises in KSA describes the single proprietor firms with about 74% being in trade and contrition sectors. The current contribution of Micro and Small Enterprises to the GDP of KSA stands at 33% (Asad Sadi Henderson, 2011). Nevertheless the KSA government should have it in mind that this figure is much lower in comparison to developed economies such as the United States. Even though it is known that the Micro and Small Enterprises contribution to the GDP of KSA economy is higher comparatively to other to other GCC economies. There is a need to remind the government that the value of the programs and initiatives already invested in Micro and Small Enterprises sector remains comparatively high than the returns that Micro and Small Enterprises have remitted to the economy. Accordingly, there is a call to action that the government needs to make sure that KSAs Micro and Small Enterprises reach the full potential. The labor force intake by the KSAs Micro and Small Enterprises is still relatively low at 25%. The government needs to encourage Micro and Small Enterprises to employ more by not only availing the financial based required by training and development of the Micro and Small Enterprises through upskilling and emotional support (Ghanem, 2013). The government should shift attention into helping the Micro and Small Enterprises to manage their firms effectively as this will boost the current 10% of the total workers employed by Micro and Small Enterprises to over 50% of the Saudi nationals compared to immigrants. It is quite unfortunate the despite the various and expensive programs driven by the KSA government to boost Micro and Small Enterprises, the KSA natives account for a minute percentage in their labor force. The government of KSA should realize that there is a great potentiality for the Micro and Small Enterprises growth and subsequent contribution to the countrys economic development. Since the country gives a home for over 20% of the entire Micro and Small Enterprises in the MENA region, it has the potential to greatly contribute to the economic growth and development. Moreover, KSA has stayed as the largest economy in the GCC coming second to United Arabs Emirates which is the most developed Micro and Small Enterprises sector in the GCC (Looney, 2004). There is a potential for Micro and Small Enterprises in KSA to rise above those in the United Arabs Emirates. This is because KSAs Micro and Small Enterprises average share lending of entire loans is currently 3% compared to the 2% for the GCCs average. This means that KSA Micro and Small Enterprises have more access to loans and the capital required to start and run businesses. Moreover, KSA enjoys the largest number of both public and private Micro and Small Enterprises sector support programs with the GCC area. This further points the potentiality to Micro and Small Enterprises have to become the number one contributor to the KSAs economy in the entire MENA and GCC region. Moreover, lucrativeness of KSA is also much better than the G20 countries in terms of the cost of establishing a business in KSA. This is because it is currently estimated as one-third relative to the average G20 economies, hence a lucrative podium for the Micro and Small Enterprises budding. Even the future examination or outlook of the KSAs Micro and Small Enterprises sector is promising. It is has been ranked second with the MENA region with position being UAE based on the Ease of Doing Business Report released by the World Bank in 2015. Simply put, KSA has been ranked the uppermost for acquiring credit information among the MENA region economies. The report by the World Bank indicated that KSAs effectiveness of doing business based on ten parameters specifically on the basis of government business regulation on the basis of 2015 aggregate ranking and distinguished based on fundamental indicators as complexity and cost of regulatory process as well as measure of the strength of legal institutions. On the basis of this quantitative examination against ten parameters, KSA ranks forty-nine in the year 2015. On the other hand, within MENA region, KSA ranks 2nd after the UAE. Moreover, KSA has highest ranking for obtaining credit information among every economies in the MENA area. Nevertheless, Micro and Small Enterprises authority requires to ease out the procedures for commencing a business as well as for undertaking globally. Moreover, the EY held the EOY 2014 award in KSA which has served to encourage the Micro and Small Enterprises sector in KSA. The EY has subsequently built on the KSA Micro and Small Enterprises immense success program and subsequently declared the launch of the EOY 2015 award in KSA for the 2nd time. Also, the KSAs youths have proved their entrepreneurial authorities and powers despite the average of Micro and Small Enterprises being merely seven years. The worldwide entrepreneurs have accelerated innovation besides creating job opportunities, specifically during the economic downturns. The EYs of EOY initiative or programs integrates as well as rejoice the vision, creativity as well as commitments of the most deserving global entrepreneurs. The KSA has had an opportunity to hold this program due to its place in the Micro and Small Enterprises sector in 2014. This means that KSA has had successful entrepreneurs and this even explains why the initial launching of program occurred in KSA. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia should take the advantage of the benefit packages that this program comes with to boost the morale of their Micro and Small Enterprises to hit their full potential. This is because the EOY carried out in 2014 emphasized specifically on the Micro and Small Enterprises together with fast-growth economies including KSA where Micro and Small Enterprises remains the chief drivers of growth and development of economy. The program has recognized KSA as one of the most competitive nations among the G20 cohort countries. KSA Micro and Small Enterprises should, therefore, grow faster than it is currently growing because the average time consumed to commence a business remains one of the lowest relative to the G20 economies. KSA is also an industrial hub in both GCC and MENA area besides having a firm together with growing economy. This indicates that the future decade bodes well for the Micro and Small Enterprises development in the country. This is essentially as a result of the lack of targeted as well as customized assistance from banks. The government should take it upon itself to ensure that there is an effective targeted and customized banks assistance focusing on the KSAs youths. Moreover, it is also clear that the youths have been demoralized by the lengthy bureaucratic procedures that present a daunting challenge to the KSA Micro and Small Enterprises sector. Even though the paper acknowledges the much efforts already taken by the KSA government to reduced or eliminate such bureaucracies, much is still needed to be done to ensure that an enabling environment prevails for the Micro and Small Enterprises to bud faster in the KSAs economy. It had been approximated that the investment of Micro and Small Enterprises at the end of 2015 would have risen to hit over USD seventy billion. It was also estimated that the Micro and Small Enterprises sector would be contributing 35% of to the GDP. However, it is clear that these estimation have not been achieved despite the government programs and initiatives. The Micro and Small Enterprises sector and the government of KSA should shift focus on speaking to various challenges identified in the sector. For example, some of the shortcomings of Micro and Small Enterprises performance is primarily attached to the lack of targeted and ongoing support services. In KSA, capital access including debt and equity remains a principal challenge (Tuncalp, 2009). The equity investment is crucial for any given survival of a venture in the initial stage, but in the KSA, there is inadequacy of angel investors as well as venture capital funds. The Micro and Small Enterprises capital lending is pegged at three percent in KSA as a percentage of entire loans. This is, however, stays low relative to the emerging economies average of twenty percent as well developed economies average of twenty-five percent. Notwithstanding the substantial size of the Micro and Small Enterprises sector in KSA, financiers evade lending to the Micro and Small Enterprises sector for the following reasons: A general absence of reliable as well as accessible information regarding enterprises sine of which the registries together with bureaus are unable to issue credit scores. A lack of proven legal environment which permits for the collateral registry as well as legal enforcement where there is a default A great number of Micro and Small Enterprises lack audited financials. There is a need for the financial firms to consumer higher time besides resources when servicing Micro and Small Enterprises. This culminates in augmented cost of operation for these financiers that when incurred, become passed on to the Micro and Small Enterprises in terms of premium charges. Approximately eighty-five percent of the Micro and Small Enterprises are single-based proprietors corporations, and, hence, the separation between the firm and private assets frequently remain hazy. Accordingly, the Micro and Small Enterprises will have an increased lending risks. In light of this challenge, there is a need for effective policy techniques and tools to impart more confidence to the lending institutions through the management of the risks effectively. Even though the amount of existing policies as well as tools remains enormous with some of the initiatives and programs are funded well and effective, the absence of strategic co-ordination empties into efforts duplication, therefore augmenting redundancies and cost. The government needs to come in further and assist Micro and Small Enterprises to speak to such challenging areas to the Micro and Small Enterprises including information related, managerial, technical, workforce related, marketing, financing as well as bureaucracy. Even though the government has come in to reduce some of the procedures needed for new Micro and Small Enterprises set up, the KSAs government strives to ensure that Micro and Small Enterprises get it much easier than before. This is because it is the KSAs government to whom the lengthy bureaucratic procedure besides licensing is the potential barrier, succeeded by the non-existence of sufficient financing. The Micro and Small Enterprises are also concerned with their rapid rate of lifespan shrinking. The lack of presence of the customized as well as ongoing assistance from the banks leading to the comparatively short lifespan of the Micro and Small Enterprises whereby the average Micro and Small Enterprises is barely 7 years old. The MENA area is specifically overwhelmed with this phenomenon. There is a missing middle whereby the Micro and Small Enterprises have gone beyond the initial stages of the setup, but need additional support for sustaining as well as growing their businesses or ventures. Despite the government initiatives and programs in place, with sole target to Micro and Small Enterprises support, these programs and initiatives must be channelized as well as customized to speak to the distinct demands of the Micro and Small Enterprises entire lifecycle (Zamberi Ahmad, 2012). The KSAs banks should stretch past the provision of restrained subsidized loans alongside pre-investment training to sufficiently support the Missing Middle phenomenon throughout the various phases of development. Worldwide, between seventy and eighty percent pf the enterprises collapse after an average of barely twenty months. There is a need for the KSA to cater for its strong entrepreneurial bend of the youthful propitiators to address the eventual motive of the KSAs youth employment alongside the consequent diversification of the KSAs economy. The KSA government has over the years, engaged in constructive moves towards the Micro and Small Enterprises sectors growth. The government has emphasized more on the amount of Micro and Small Enterprises expansion than the available gazelles that are poised to become internationally competitive as well as have the authority besides the power for diversification of the KSAs economy. Nevertheless, the KSAs government has acknowledged the need for a broad support base, alongside capital, business services as well as training in the entire lifespan of the Micro and Small Enterprises. The KSAs youth has proved its entrepreneurial power and blend besides the boost from the administrations has ensured that locals can favorably compete on an international arena. The KSA government must ensure that it implements effectively the plans it has made to emulate the Japan Micro and Small Enterprises growth strategy. The KSAs Micro and Small Enterprises must strive to achieve the augmented growth as well set up themselves as competitive businesses internationally. The Micro and Small Enterprises should take the advantage of the opportunity presented by the fiscal as well as social efforts taken by the Custodian of the 2 Holy Mosques government through King Salman bin Abdulaziz to blossom with vigorous growth in the coming years (Zamberi Ahmad, 2011). Moreover, the governments concerted efforts based on their entire commitment and dedication stressed towards the policies implementations should be followed up to ensure that the Micro and Small Enterprises hit their eventual sustainable development as well as dynamic progression goals. In so doing, Micro and Small Enterprises in KSA will meet their full potential which will translate into increased employment, growth and development in KSAs economy. The KSAs banking sector should also take the advantage of this lucrative opportunity presented by the Micro and Small Enterprises potential. These banking sector will have a substantial opportunity to benefit from the ever growing Micro and Small Enterprises. With Micro and Small Enterprises accounting for ninety percent of the entire registered KSAs enterprises besides sixty prevent of the entire employment alongside their occupation of the central place in the KSAs development strategy, Micro and Small Enterprises growing contribution to the Gross Domestic Product is clearer (Acs, 2006). The banking sector will benefit by boosting the Micro and Small Enterprises sector through the prospects of growth in credit extension to Micro and Small Enterprises through their firm capital sufficiency besides liquidity ratios that position the banks in a better position for lending the Micro and Small Enterprises without eroding respective balance sheet qualities. References Acs, Z. (2006). How is entrepreneurship good for economic growth?. Innovations, 1(1), 97-107. Al-Khaldi, M. A., Wallace, R. O. (2009). The influence of attitudes on personal computer utilization among knowledge workers: the case of Saudi Arabia. Information Management, 36(4), 185-204. Asad Sadi, M., Henderson, J. C. (2011). Franchising and small medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in industrializing economies: A Saudi Arabian perspective. Journal of Management Development, 30(4), 402-412. Ghanem, H. (2013). Role of Micro and Small Enterprises in Egypt's Economic Transition. Brookings. Looney, R. (2004). Development strategies for Saudi Arabia: Escaping the rentier state syndrome. Strategic Insights, 3(3), 6-18. Tuncalp, S. (2009). The marketing research scene in Saudi Arabia. European Journal of Marketing, 22(5), 15-22. Zamberi Ahmad, S. (2011). Evidence of the characteristics of women entrepreneurs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 123-143. Zamberi Ahmad, S. (2012). Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Problems and constraints. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 8(4), 217-232.